|
|
| Copper | |
| Electron Configuration | 2,8,18,1 |
| Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s1 |
| Ground state | 2S1/2 |
| Atomic Volume | 7.1 g/cm3 |
| Electronegativity | 1.90 |
| Magnetic ordering | Diamagnetic |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.08 x 10-9 |
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | -6.86 x 10-11 |
| Speed of sound | 3810 m s-1 |
 Thermal Properties |
|
| Enthalpy of Atomization | 338.9 kJ mol-1 @25°C |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 13.0 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation | 306.7 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat Capacity | 24.440 J mol-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 401 W m-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion | 16.5 μm m-1 K-1 |
| Hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness | 874 MPa |
| Mohs hardness | 3.0 |
| Vickers hardness | 369 MPa |
| Elastic Properties |
|
| Bulk modulus | 140 GPa |
| Poisson ratio | 0.34 |
| Shear modulus | 48 GPa |
| Young's modulus | 130 GPa |
| Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical resistivity | 1.7 x 10-8 Ω m |
| Electrical conductivity | No data. |
| Chemical Properties |
|
| Electrochemical Equivalent | 1.1855 g Ah-1 |
| Electron Work Function | 4.65 eV |
| Valence Electron Potential (-eV) | 34 |
| Ionization Potential | |
 First
|
7.726 |
| Second
|
20.292 |
| Third
|
36.83 |
| Incompatibilities | Oxidizers, alkalis, sodium azide (NaN3), acetylene (C2H2). |
| Flammability |
|
| Non-combustible solid (except as dust)
|
| Energy Levels |
|
| Kα1 (intensity 100) |
8.04778 KeV |
| Kα2 (intensity 50) |
8.02783 KeV |
| Kβ1 (intensity 20.25) |
8.90529 KeV |
| Lα1 (intensity 100) |
0.9297 KeV |
| Lα2 (intensity 10) |
0.9297 KeV |
| Lβ1 (intensity 18) |
0.9498 KeV |
| Lβ3 (intensity 1) |
1.023 KeV |
| Lβ4 (intensity 1) |
1.023 KeV |
| Lγ3 (intensity 5) |
0.832 KeV |
| Ll (intensity 11) |
0.8121 KeV |
| Atomic Radii |
|
| Empirical
|
135 pm |
| Bohr Radius
|
145 pm |
| Covalent Radius
|
138 pm |
| Van der Waals
|
140 pm |
| Triple covalent
|
120 pm |
| Metallic
|
128 pm |
| Ionic Radii (Å) |
||||
| Charge | Coordination | Crystal | Ionic | Key |
| 1 | II | 0.6 | 0.46 | |
| IV | 0.74 | 0.6 | R | |
| VI | 0.91 | 0.77 | R | |
| 2 | IV | 0.71 | 0.57 | |
| IVSQ | 0.71 | 0.57 | * | |
| V | 0.79 | 0.65 | * | |
| VI | 0.87 | 0.73 | ||
| 3 | VI (Low spin) | 0.68 | 0.54 | |
| R, From r3 vs V plots. |
| C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations. |
| E, Estimated. |
| *, Most Reliable. |
| M, From Metallic Oxides. |
| A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius. |
| P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius. |
| Oxidation States |
|
| Main
|
Cu+2 |
| Other
|
Cu-1, Cu0, Cu+1, Cu+3, Cu+4 |
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1)  |
|
| M - M+ |
745.4 |
| M+ - M2+ |
1958 |
| M2+ - M3+ |
3554 |
| M3+ - M4+ |
5326 |
| M4+ - M5+ |
7709 |
| M5+ - M6+ |
9940 |
| M6+ - M7+ |
13400 |
| M7+ - M8+ |
16000 |
| M8+ - M9+ |
19200 |
| M9+ - M10+ |
22400 |
| Vapour Pressure |
||||||
| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1K | 10K | 100K |
| T (K) | 1509 | 1661 | 1850 | 2089 | 2404 | 2836 |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Structure
|
Cubic close packed |
 |
a = 361.49 pm |
| b = 361.49 pm | |
| c = 361.49 pm | |
| α = 90° | |
| β = 90° | |
| γ = 90° | |